AISI 1045 Carbon Steel

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Heat Treatment
Cold Processing
Hot Working

AISI 1045 Carbon Steel

C1045 is a versatile medium carbon engineering steel that can be through hardened to, as well as being flame or induction hardened. The steel can be readily welded and machined providing correct procedures are followed.

 

Supply Size:

Rolled:40-200mm

Forged: 80-600mm

 

Chemical Composition

Element Content
Carbon, C 0.420 – 0.50 %
Iron, Fe 98.51 – 98.98 %
Manganese, Mn 0.60 – 0.90 %
Phosphorous, P ≤ 0.040 %
Sulfur, S ≤ 0.050 %

 

Physical Properties

Physical Properties Metric Imperial
Density 7.87 g/cc 0.284 lb/in3

 

Related Specifications
Australia AS 1442 – 1992 1045
Germany W.Nr 1.0503 C45
W.Nr 1.1191 CK45
Great Britain BS970 – Part 3 – 1991 080A47
BS970 – Part 1 – 1972 080M46
BS970 – 1955 EN43B
Japan JIS G 4051 S45C
USA AISI C1045
ASTM A29/A29M – 91 1045
SAE 1045
UNS G 10450

1045 steel equivalent as below:

ASTM A29/29M C Si Mn P S
1045 0.43~0.50 / 0.60~0.90 ≤0.040 ≤0.050
DIN W-Nr C Si Mn P S
1.1191/CK45 0.42~0.50  ≤0.40 0.50~0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
GB/T C Si Mn P S
45 0.42~0.50 0.17~0.37 0.50~0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
BS C Si Mn P S
080M46 0.42~0.50 ≤0.40 0.50~0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035
JIS C Si Mn P S
S45C 0.42~0.48 0.15~0.35 0.60~0.90 ≤0.030 ≤0.030

 

Mechanical Properties

Mechanical Properties Metric Imperial
Hardness, Brinell 163 163
Hardness, Knoop (Converted from Brinell hardness) 184 184
Hardness, Rockwell B (Converted from Brinell hardness) 84 84
Hardness, Vickers (Converted from Brinell hardness) 170 170
Tensile Strength, Ultimate 565 MPa 81900 psi
Tensile Strength, Yield 310 MPa 45000 psi
Elongation at Break (in 50 mm) 16.0 % 16.0 %
Reduction of Area 40.0 % 40.0 %
Modulus of Elasticity (Typical for steel) 200 GPa 29000 ksi
Bulk Modulus (Typical for steel) 140 GPa 20300 ksi
Poissons Ratio (Typical For Steel) 0.290 0.290
Shear Modulus (Typical for steel) 80 GPa 11600 ksi
Typical Mechanical Properties – Hardened by Water Quench at 820 oC – 850 oC or oil quench at 830 oC – 860oC and Tempered Between 540 oC – 680 oC
Section Size mm up to 16mm 17 – 40mm 41 – 100mm
Tensile Strength Mpa Min 700 650 630
Max 850 800 780
Yield Strength Mpa Min 500 430 370
Elongation in 50mm % Min 14 16 17
Impact Charpy J Average 30 30 30
Hardness HB Min 210 195 185
Max 245 235 230

 

Suggested Pre-heat Temperature
Section 25mm 50mm 75mm 150mm +
oC 100 140 200 300

 

Machining

Looking for equipment to analyze your metals?AISI 1045 steel has good machinability in a normalized or hot-rolled condition. Based on the recommendations given by the machine manufacturers, operations like tapping, milling, broaching, drilling, turning and sawing can be carried out on AISI 1045 steel using suitable feeds, tool type, and speeds.

Welding

AISI 1045 steel is readily welded when the correct procedure is followed, but welding AISI 1045 steel in through-hardened, tempered and flame- or induction-hardened conditions is not recommended. Low hydrogen electrodes are preferred for welding AISI 1045 steel.

The workpiece is:

Pre-heated at 200°C–300°C (392°F – 572°F);

maintained at the same temperature during welding;

cooled slowly using sand or ashes; and

stress relieved at 550°C – 660°C (1022°F – 1220°F).

Heat Treatment

AISI 1045 is subjected to forging, annealing, normalizing, stress-relieving, hardening and tempering processes – each of which is explained in more detail below:

Forging – Heat to 850°C – 1250°C (1562°F – 2282°F). Hold until the temperature is uniform. Cool in a furnace.

Annealing – Heat to 800°C – 850°C (1472°F – 1562°F). Hold until the temperature is uniform. Cool in a furnace.

Normalizing – Heat to 870°C – 920°C (1598°F-1688°F). Hold until the temperature is uniform. Soak for 10 – 15 minutes. Cool in still air.

Stress-Relieving – Heat to 550°C – 660°C (1022°F – 1220°F). Hold until the temperature is uniform. Soak for 1 hour per 25mm of section. Cool in still air.

Hardening – Heat to 820°C – 850°C (1508°F – 1562°F). Hold until the temperature is uniform. Soak for 10 – 15 minutes per 25mm of section. Quench in water or brine.

Tempering – Re-heat to 400°C – 650°C (752°F – 1202°F) as required. Hold until the temperature is uniform. Soak for 1 hour per 25mm of section. Cool in still air.

 

AISI 1045 steel is characterized by good weldability, good machinability, and high strength and impact properties in either the normalized or hot-rolled condition.

AISI 1045 steel has a low through-hardening capability with only sections of around 60 mm in size being recommended as suitable for tempering and through-hardening. However, it can be efficiently flame- or induction-hardened in the normalized or hot rolled condition to obtain surface hardnesses in the range of Rc 54 – Rc 60 based on factors such as section size, type of set up, quenching medium used etc.

AISI 1045 steel lacks suitable alloying elements and hence does not respond to the nitriding process.

AISI 1045 steel is a medium tensile steel supplied in a black hot-rolled or normalized condition. It has a tensile strength of 570 – 700 MPa and Brinell hardness ranging between 170 and 210. 1045 steel exhibits medium tensile strength, good weldability and machinability, and high strength. Typically used in machinery parts, die forging, hot upsetting, gears, crankshafts, shafts, axles, bolts, studs, pinions, casters, and support plates. C1045 is a medium carbon, medium tensile steel supplied as forged or normalized. This steel shows reasonable strength and toughness. C1045 will through harden to 2.5” (63mm) with a tensile strength of 66-120 Ksi (620-850 MPa)

1045 is a medium tensile low hardenability carbon steel generally supplied in the black hot rolled or occasionally in the normalised condition, with a typical tensile strength range 570 – 700 Mpa and Brinell hardness range 170 – 210 in either condition.Characterised by fairly good strength and impact properties, plus good machinability and reasonable weldability in the hot rolled or normalised condition.

1045 has a low through hardening capability with sections up to around 60mm only generally recommended as suitable for through hardening and tempering. It can however be successfully flame or induction hardened in the as rolled or normalised condition resulting in surface hardnesses of up to Rc 54 – Rc 60 depending upon quenching medium employed, type of set up, section size etc. Core strengths will remain as supplied.

It does not however respond satisfactorily to nitriding due to a lack of suitable alloying elements.

1045 is used extensively by all industry sectors for applications requiring more strength and wear resistance than the low carbon mild steels can provide and the higher strength of the low alloy high tensile steels is not necessary, plus those applications requiring flame or induction hardening.

Typical applications are: Axles Various, Bolts, Connecting Rods, Hydraulic Clamps and Rams, Pins Various, Rolls Various, Studs, Shafts, Spindles etc.

 

Applications

AISI 1045 is widely used for all industrial applications requiring more wear-resistance and strength. Typical applications of AISI 1045 are as follows:

Gears Pins Rams
Shafts Rolls Sockets
Axles Spindles Worms
Bolts Ratchets Light gears
Studs Crankshafts Guide rods
Connecting rods Torsion bars Hydraulic clamps

1018 VS. 1045 STEEL COMPARISON

Carbon steel is one of the most widely used materials in the world, and the 1018 and 1045 grades of steel is a big reason for that. One of the most common questions that arise when considering buying cold finished steel products is the difference between 1018 cold steel bars and 1045 cold bars. There will obviously be some differences between the chemical makeup and mechanical properties of both, but what materials are ideal for certain applications?

Chemical Properties

Being two different grades of steel, there are some important differences during the manufacturing process that influences key differences in the chemical properties of both 1018 and 1045 grades of steel. To best illustrate the chemical differences, it is good to reference a table.

1018 1045
Iron, Fe 98.81-99.26% 98.51-98.98%
Carbon, C 0.18% 0.45%
Manganese, Mn 0.60-0.90% 0.60-0.90%
Phosphorus, P (max) 0.04% 0.04%
Sulfur, S (max) 0.05% 0.05%

As you may have noticed, the carbon content is what identifies the steel grade. The carbon content of 1018 is 0.18%, and the carbon content of 1045 steel is 0.45%. The “1” identifies that they are both carbon steels, and the “0” identifies that there were no modifications to the alloy. A carbon steel like 1330 for example has a much higher concentration of manganese. The carbon content is what really separates the chemical composition of 1018 and 1045, with 1045 steel having a higher carbon composition.

Mechanical Properties

Whether steel is cold drawn or hot rolled plays a huge factor in the mechanical properties of steel. The majority of 1018 and 1045 steel that is manufactured will be in the cold drawn state, and comes in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Here is a comparison chart of 1018 and 1045 cold drawn steel mechanical properties:

 1018 1045 
Tensile Strength 64,000 psi 91,000 psi
Yield Strength  54,000 psi 77,000 psi
Elongation in 2″ 15% 12%
Reduction in Area  40% 35%
Brinell Hardness  126 179

Real Life Applications

With higher carbon content and higher tensile strength, 1045 is a stronger steel than 1018. However, because it has a higher carbon content, it is not as easy to weld. Therefore 1018 is used mostly for applications that may involve welding or require a larger quantity where tensile strength and yield strength is not of the highest importance. 1045 is often selected for product applications that require more strenth than 1018 can provide, such as transmission parts.

Cost

1018 is one of the most widely manufactured grades of steel as it is a cost effective and adequate steel option for a wide range of applications. Therefore 1018 steel will generally be a lower cost steel when compared to 1045, but many other factors can influence the overall cost like heat treatment and processing needs.

Used in the manufacture of a variety of bolts, connecting rods, hydraulic clamps and rams, axles, a variety of pins, a variety of rolls, studs, shafts, spindles and many other metal parts, SAE 1045 steel usually comes in the black hot-rolled variety; however, it also is occasionally manufactured in the normalized condition. This is steel that has been given a heat treatment, intended to bring many samples under consideration into the same condition. 1045 is known for fairly good strength and impact properties. It has good machinability qualities as well as serviceable welding qualities, whether in the rolled or normalized condition. Machinability is the ability to form the finished steel into a machined part.